Essay --

Torment is one of the most remarkable human inspirations. Individuals will say anything to make it stop since it harms. Also, when utilized explicitly to infer data our government can make it hurt a great deal. Nobody ought to ever must be gotten through the kind of torment that is explicitly designed to hit your agony edge, built to make you dread your investigator, built to make you talk. The act of improved cross examination ought not be utilized under any conditions since it is unlawful under worldwide law, it’s not generally successful, and it’s obtuse. What is upgraded cross examination? In basic terms it’s when a cross examiner utilizes strategies that are explicitly intended to cause you an.) either so much agony that you separate and mention to the investigative specialist what they need to know or b.) you dread torment and your questioner so much that you promptly give them the data that they look for. All in all, what strategies does the American government use to get data from it’s detainees? A few strategies that they have utilized are sexual embarrassment, lack of sleep, tactile hardship, tangible over-burden, isolation, mock execution, clinical experimentation, learned weakness, terrorizing by hounds, restriction in a crate with creepy crawlies, and waterboarding. â€Å"The United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’s position on torment is ‘No excellent conditions at all, regardless of whether a condition of war or a danger of war o r a crisis might be conjured as support for torment [or improved interrogations], which incur torment and enduring and most UN researchers consider to qualify as torment under universal law.† (Dinan) However under worldwide law it is ... ... they will never be ordinary again.(Stephens) This is a rundown of only a couple of the strategies and their portrayed impacts that our own administration and remote governments use. The impacts are unfeeling and dependable and they stay with you for quite a while, also the quick impacts of dread and agony from thing, for example, being waterboarded. It’s barbarous and unfeeling and unlawful. With everything taken into account upgraded cross examination doesn’t get you any longer and it’s downright barbarous. There are many better options in contrast to tormenting the data out of somebody. The more tranquil course ought to consistently be taken. In the event that we don’t need our own residents experiencing a similar stuff that we put the residents of remote nations through than we ought to never under any circumstance do that to them. It returns to the most essential principle ever. The Golden Rule â€Å"Do unto others what you would have them do unto you†

Evolution of the construction industry since the industrial revolution Essay

Development of the development business since the modern upset - Essay Example The structure business overall experienced an unrest. The Industrial Revolution made a colossal increment in the creation of numerous sorts of merchandise and realized changes in innovation and advancement. As the Industrial Revolution developed, private speculators and budgetary establishments were expected to give cash to the further extension of industrialization. Prior to the mechanical transformation, just 10% of the individuals lived in urban areas while most lived in towns and towns spread around the urban communities. The upheaval realized changes which brought huge number of individuals into urban areas as industry extended. This brought about expanded interest for lodging and the tall structures appeared. Cash was effectively accessible through banks and agents for development. Credits and home loans helped individuals to construct and purchase homes. The development business is a significant industry in the economy of Great Britain and is developing consistently. Headway in innovation prompted a blast in the business in all parts. While on location development was normal, offsite development developed alongside it. This brought about cost decrease and better quality control. Pre-assembled structures were generally utilized and introduced extraordinarily for spans. Private lodging segment has developed colossally and may have arrived at a level today in Great Britain. Homes in England with at least three rooms were just 7% in 1971 though in 2002/3 it remained at 34%. Semi disengaged homes in England are the most well-known arrangement of staying yet just 28% of them have been worked in the previous 40 years. All the others are a lot more established. The development business is partitioned in two areas †new development and fixes and support. In the mid 1990s, all out development yield (in 1995 costs) diminished forcefully in Great Britain as a whole2. After 1995, the development yield expanded

Brainstorming - Techniques for Idea Generation

Brainstorming - Techniques for Idea Generation © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comBrainstorming is the first ever technique of idea generation. This article looks at 1) what is brainstorming?, 2) history: Alex Osborn gives birth to brainstorming, 3) steps for effective brainstorming, and 4) 12 fantastic brainstorming techniques.WHAT IS BRAINSTORMINGBrainstorming is an individual or group idea generation technique to find a solution for a particular problem by generating multiple solutions. In fact, importance is attached to the quantity of ideas and not quality at the generation stage. Even strange ideas are welcome in a brainstorming session. Frequently, far-fetched ideas become practical ones with slight modification. Ideas may be blended to create a single great idea as implied by the motto “1+1=3.” Structured brainstorming that proceeds in the right manner utilizes the human brain’s abilities of free association and lateral thinking.HISTORY: ALEX OSBORN GIVES BIRTH TO BRAINSTORMINGIn the 1940s, an advertising executive b y the name of Alex Osborn came up with the technique of brainstorming following his frustration at the inability of employees to come up with innovative ideas for advertising campaigns. The technique was the result of his attempts to fix rules that would provide people with the freedom of action and mind to trigger and reveal fresh ideas. The original name he gave to this ideation process he invented was “think up” before it later came to be called brainstorming. According to Osborn, brainstorming is a conference technique through the practice of which a group endeavors to come up with a solution for a particular problem by collecting all the ideas spontaneously contributed by the participating members.Osborn’s argument was that two principles: 1) defer judgment and 2) reach for quantity helped in achieving ideative efficacy. These principles were followed by Osborn’s four rules of brainstorming which may be outlined as follows:Put the emphasis on quantity of ideas (as the m axim goes, “quantity breeds quality”);Hold back criticism or judgment;Be open to bizarre/strange ideas;Blend ideas to enhance them (1+1=3).These rules were established with the objective of lessening social inhibitions if any among the group members, boosting overall group creativity and of course, fueling idea generation.Osborn was of the opinion that brainstorming should only address one specific question because he believed that sessions that tried to tackle many questions were unproductive.STEPS FOR EFFECTIVE BRAINSTORMINGA brainstorming session may be carried out in any of many different ways. Given below is a 7-step process.Step #1: Decide on a suitable place and facilitatorThe brainstorming has to be conducted in a comfortable environment so that you can get the best output from the participants. A well-lit conference room would be good. It should be possible for the facilitator to take notes â€" make use of flip charts, a computer or white board (whichever would suit you r group). If you expect the session to last a long time, you might want to arrange snacks and refreshments. Ensure that there is adequate paper and stationery.Appoint one person as a team manager/leader and another as an idea recorder. It would be difficult for one person alone to handle both responsibilities.Step #2: Decide on the participantsDevote some time to deciding who should be called to participate in the session. A simple rule to apply here would be to choose the people who would have the answers to the question you intend to put forth. This may seem obvious but very frequently, the selection of participants is based more on their position in the organization’s corporate ladder than on their specific knowledge. You can also consider including people with different thinking styles or associated with a diversity of disciplines.Step #3: Specify the problem for which possible solutions are to be found and the goalIt is important that the problem for which brainstorming is to be done, be stated clearly. A good way to ensure this would be to write the problem lucidly at the head of the board. Everyone should comprehend the objective of the session. With the topic in full view all through the session, there is a greater likelihood of the session staying focused. Also remember that the participants should be given the necessary background information before the brainstorming. The best time is before the session though sometimes it may have to be shared while the session is in progress. Here’s an example: Suppose the problem is how to make sure employees always register their time of arrival at and exit from the office. For that you can provide background information such as:Why the irregular clocking in and out is a problem;Which are the groups forgetting to do so;How the business is losing because of this and so on.Last of all, it is also important to delineate the solutions space. Come up with rules, boundaries and criteria for the ideas that are to be generated. This will ensure that time doesn’t go to waste checking out ideas that don’t fit the bill.Step #4: Set a time limitState the time limit at the very beginning. 5 or 10 minutes may do but sometimes more time may be required. Whatever you decide, state it up front.Step #5: Diverge prior to convergingThis is a suggestion. Allow everyone to pen down their ideas prior to the start of the session so that there is no time lost in talking about just one or a few ideas. This would help you to bring in a little argument into the discussion whenever it is possible.Step #6: Let the brainstorming beginStart the brainstorming. You can expect some bad ideas but members of the team/group should be instructed in advance not to criticize/comment negatively till after the session is over, however dumb or strange the idea sounds. The person in charge of note taking should note down all the ideas as they come, bereft of any criticism or comment. Breaks are permissible in case the brainsto rming session gets too long.Step #7: Choose the best ideas (based on pre-determined criteria)Select the best ideas after short-listing the ones that meet the pre-determined criteria. One way to make things easier is to score each of the ideas a number from 0 to 5 depending on the degree to which it satisfies each of the pre-determined criterion. Once that’s done, add up the scores. The one with the highest score can be taken as the best idea. However, if this best idea is not practical, in spite of the scores, you can look for the second best one.12 FANTASTIC BRAINSTORMING TECHNIQUESStepladder TechniqueInvented in 1992, the stepladder technique of brainstorming motivates each individual member of the team to make individual idea contributions prior to being influenced by other members in the team. To start the session, the facilitator shares the question or topic with the entire team. Once this is done, barring two members of the team, all other members leave the room. Once the re maining members have left, the two members inside the room proceed to talk about the topic and share their ideas. Once that is done, an additional member must join the group. He presents his individual ideas, hears the ideas of the other two members and then all three in the group inside the room once again engage in a discussion. The process is repeated till all members from the original group have entered the room. This method of idea generation is especially beneficial for teams easily swayed by a member or two, resulting in group think. The method also helps to shed inhibitions of people who are uncomfortable in a group.BrainwritingThis is a written method of brainstorming. The principle behind this technique is to consider idea generation separate to discussion. The leader of the team/facilitator reveals the topic to all the members of the team and each of the members pen their ideas. The process does away with anchoring and motivates all team members to individually come up wi th ideas and share them. One of the advantages of brainwriting is that the participants get more time to ponder over their ideas and this is particularly beneficial if there are any introverts in the team. The technique is particularly suited for teams who appear to be considerably influenced by the opening ideas put forth during a meeting.Six thinking hatsSix thinking hats, a thinking process developed by Edward de Bono is one of the most well-known thought tools. The process involves dividing thinking into six solid roles and functions distinguishable by a specific color of symbolic “thinking hat.” The six color hats and the key words they represent are given below:White Hat â€" facts known or required;Black Hat â€" judgment of how/where something could possibly go wrong;Yellow Hat â€" optimism and brightness (exploration of the positives);Green Hat â€" creativity (alternatives, possibilities, new ideas);Red Hat â€" hunches, intuition and feelings;Blue Hat â€" management (maki ng certain that Six Thinking Hats rules are adhered to).By imagining oneself wearing and changing hats, it is possible to redirect thoughts or focus and to explore a problem from different angles, providing insight that may not be apparent otherwise.Round robin brainstormingThis method starts by getting the members of the team to organize themselves into a circle. After giving the topic, the facilitator goes to each member in the circle one by one, asking each of them to furnish an idea. He stops after everyone’s turn is over. The facilitator should record each idea so that all ideas can be discussed after the idea sharing is over. If any member in the circle has no idea to offer, he may pass. This method ensures the participation of all members (unless of course, one or more decide to pass).Online brainstormingOnline brainstorming is an electronic technique of brainstorming with a document saved on a central server or an online central location through which members of the team c an collaborate. An example of an online central location could be an online collaboration tool or cloud-associated document storage. In addition to making collaboration easy, the central location enables archiving of ideas there for hassle-free reference later.SCAMPERThe word SCAMPER is an acronym and the expansion of each letter is as follows:S â€" SubstituteC CombineA â€" AdaptM â€" ModifyP Put to another useE â€" EliminateR â€" ReverseThe basis for the technique is the assumption that everything new is an alteration of something already in existence. Utilization of the SCAMPER technique starts by stating the problem that needs to be solved, the topic, or the product, service or topic that has to be improved. Once that’s defined, the next step is asking questions using the letters in SCAMPER as basis.StarburstingThe focus of this kind of brainstorming is on developing questions and not answers. Thus, the technique challenges the team to generate as many questions as possible p ertaining to the topic. To make the process easier, the session can be started by listing questions that are associated with who, when, why, what and where (Wh questions). This format makes certain that all facets of the project are looked into prior to execution. It is a helpful technique if the team is one that is inclined to neglect certain facets of a project resulting in a last minute hurry to get things done.CubingThe cubing approach is similar to six thinking hats. It enables the participant (s) to look at the topic from six diverse directions, leading to six approaches or sides to the topic (just like the six sides of a cube). The participant should consider the topic and respond to the following six commands on a sheet of paper.Describe;Compare;Associate;Analyze;Apply;Argue in support of and opposition to.Three to five minutes can be spent on the first five sides/approaches but a full five minutes should be spent for the final (sixth) side.Rapid IdeationThe facilitator/team leader shares the context/topic beforehand and/or questions pertaining to the topic, deadline, budget and so on. After that, a time limit is fixed for the individual members to pen down as many ideas or thoughts pertaining to the topic as possible, utilizing any available mediums. The time limit for a particular session can range from 5 to 45 minutes, varying with the complexity of the topic. Rapid ideation is a great technique to limit the time for brainstorming sessions that tend to prolong, and for teams who are inclined to sidetracking. Two other advantages of this technique are:First, it can be fully tailored to suit the requirements of the project and team. A number of varied mediums may be utilized such as pen and paper, Post-Its and whiteboards, to activate the creative juices. Secondly, the time limit means ideas are produced because the team doesn’t have time to over think or filter.RolestormingRolestorming, a method invented in the 1980s by Rick Griggs is a simple brai nstorming technique that calls for a group of employees or members of a team to assume other people’s identities and start sharing ideas in those identities. By assuming someone else’s identity, a person’s idea may be introduced without worries of how other people may view the presentation. This is because assuming another role distances the person from owning an idea and therefore helps to reduce inhibitions associated with putting ideas forward in a group. The method is very useful for brainstorming discussions on enhancing service and quality or other meetings.MindmappingMindmapping is a technique to graphically represent connections among key concepts using lines, links and images. Each fact or idea is penned down and then connected to its minor or major (previous or following) fact or idea, thereby resulting in a web of relationships. As mindmapping engages both the artistic and analytical faculties of a person’s brain, the brain is put to richer use. The technique was developed by Tony Buzan, a UK researcher.Altering your attributesAltering attributes is about changing one’s attribute, whether gender, race or some other attribute and changing the way one sees a challenge accordingly. Whenever a person changes an attribute in this manner, it causes a crack in the subconscious which in turn opens a fresh door that could lead to a new idea/answer/solution.

Unemployment And Its Effects On America - 926 Words

In the United States, nearly all of the citizens are trying to look online or the newspaper to find jobs, so they can’t get nutritious food, medical care, have warm clothing, and have a roof over their heads. Half of the unemployed people are homeless, they are going through the smelly, dirty trash bins to get food in their stomachs and also their kids (if they have any). They are live in small,brown, moldy cardboard boxes or sleeping wherever they can to survive. There are about 5.5 percent of people in America that are employed even with a college degree, however, â€Å"people who lack high school diploma or GED make up a quarter month 2014 to date† (Bolen). Unemployment is the one of the biggest poverty problems in America. But what is unemployment? Unemployment is described as when people are looking for job within the past four weeks and can’t find work, however, it can also mean an economic condition that is marked by the fact that individuals actively seek ing jobs remain unhired (Unemployment Definition). Unemployment affects the United States economic system, and the society in this nation. The United States economic system are affected by unemployment meaning that the government and the nation suffer. â€Å"Most of it has to do with the fact that the economy is still too weak to create enough jobs to draw people into the market† (Goyette). However, there is evidence that young people are leaving the â€Å"work labor force† because they are unable to find jobs (Goyette). InShow MoreRelatedIntroduction. The Rising Unemployment Has Generated Challenges1381 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The rising unemployment has generated challenges in low income communities. Unemployment involves a situation where people in a particular community are actively seeking employment but the employment rates are low. The increased rates of unemployment are contributed to by factors such as recession periods that adversely affects the economy. Impacts on the economy in turn affect the labor force leading to loss of employment and reducing the rates of employment opportunities in the countryRead MoreThe Effects Of Unemployment On The United States942 Words   |  4 PagesOver the course of many years the United States has done a very good job of creating and supplying jobs for the citizens. This could be an effect of our economic standings or is there a reason other countries do better than others? There are many countries that are doing better than the United States in the aspect of unemployment, but the US currently has a very low rate of 4.8% (List of Countries). The country that is currently doing the best is Qatar with a rate of 0.4%. This could be for manyRead MoreEffects of 9/11 on American Economy Essay625 Words   |  3 PagesThe September 11 attacks had several long-term negative effects that include Social effects, Psychological effects, Physical health effects, Economic effects and many more. But of all those effects, Economic effects were the most suffered ones. The 9/11 attacks triggered the devastation of American economy (Miley). Although it has been 12 years since the episode and America has recovered a lot, American economy still fells some of its effects. The federal government suffered deficit for 28 yearsRead MoreUnemployment Rate Of The United States1719 Words   |  7 PagesBrandon Phan Phan 1 Ms. Barrett English 5 20 November 2015 Rough Draft With an unemployment rate of 5% and a population of about 326,079,646 people, there can be about 163,039,823 unemployed people in the United states. There are many things that the United States government can do to reduce Unemployment. In order to reduce the unemployment rate in the United States, the United States government could reduce the federal minimum wage to allow employers to hire more employees because ofRead MoreWays Of Reducing Unemployment During The United States1570 Words   |  7 PagesWays to Reduce Unemployment Introduction With a unemployment rate of 5% and a population of about 326,079,646 people in the United States, there can be 163,039,823 people in the United states that are unemployed at a time There are many things that the United States government can do to reduce Unemployment. In order to reduce unemployment rate, the U.S. government should reduce minimum wage so that employers will have more money to pay for more workers, increase the number of long term constructionRead MoreThe Subjugation Of The African American Race879 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Race: Living in Poverty/ Health Effects In America, it is to no surprise that a large percentage of the African American race has and still is struggling financially. Many African-Americans are subjected to live in poorer areas where sanitation isn’t as heavily emphasized compared to more prosperous neighborhoods. Due to this blatant divide there has been many detrimental effects this has to minority communities. In specificallyRead MoreThe Main Features of the New Deal Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesThe Main Features of the New Deal The New Deals were a series of Acts and schemes which Roosevelt hoped would pull America out of the depression. Roosevelt decided to tackle the economic problems before he did anything else because he knew that a strong and reliable money system would build up confidence in the Americans, which would act as a foundation for the American economy. In 1933 Roosevelt proved to the Americans that the promises he made before he was presidentRead MoreThe Millennial Generation and the Families1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of the Joblessness have on The Millennial Generation and the Families Catherine Simmons Composition 1010, Class TTH 10:50 Professor Vicki Vitelli October 12, 2010 Don Peck paints a depressing picture of the future of America in his article â€Å"How a New Jobless Era Will Transform America†. Unemployment is a disease that has plagued our country for decades, but this country has always survived and recovered. America will survive this high unemployment. 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What will be proven in this paper is that foreclosure rates are still dramatically increasing and that the total in unemployment rates is deceiving. Without more jobs, consumers

Analysis Of The Reader Of Supplemental Readings For...

Paper 2 Internalization vs. Resisting Oppression All women have the potential of facing issues of gender, their bodies, sexuality, reproduction, abuse and violence. But what one may fail to realize is that women of disability experience a wider range of these types of issues on a daily basis. Oppression of disabled women is a huge controversy that leaves our society with many unanswered questions. By taking a deeper look on this issue, will help us understand the effects of oppression on disabled women by analyzing four specific examples from â€Å"The Reader† of Supplemental Readings for Women and Disability by Marsha Saxton, PhD, that expands more on women of disability that both internalize and resist oppression. What is oppression and how does one internalize it and/ or resist it? Oppression is seen as a system of discrimination, stereotyping, and unjust treatment against social groups in society. Those who suffer from oppression usually suffer from internalized oppression, also known as â€Å"self-hate,† which pe ople start to believe and act out the stereotypes that are created against their group. But not everyone internalizes these types of beliefs against their social groups. Many also resist oppression by taking pride in who they are, and accept their identity by not letting the stereotypes create the person society â€Å"thinks† they should be. Women are a social group that have suffered from oppression throughout many years, but what about women of disability? Sometimes

World History Review the Evolution Free Essays

AP World History Unit 1 Review Chapter 1 Evolution- The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth. Paleolithic Age- Second part of the Stone Age distinguished by the first usage of stone tools introduced by hominids such as Homo habilis. Neolithic Age- Latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the Middle East in which sedentary agriculture and domestication of plants and animals and permanent settlements were accomplished. We will write a custom essay sample on World History Review: the Evolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Agricultural Revolution (Transition) – Turning point for the Neolithic Revolution. 0,000-8,000 BC. Slash Burn- Technique in agriculture where forests are roughly cut down and burned over to prepare fields for the next crop. Australopithecus- Fossil bipedal primate with both apelike and human characteristics found in Africa. Homo Sapiens Sapiens- Modern humans. Neanderthal- Extinct species of human that lived in ice-age Europe 120,000-35,000 years ago. Jericho- Village in Palestine near the north end of the Dead Sea. The Leakey’s- Family of paleontologists whose account of fossil discoveries in Tanzania changed theories of human evolution (1903-1972). Catal Huyuk- Large Neolithic settlement in southern Anatolia. 500-5700 BC Diamond- Precious stone consisting of a clear and typically colorless crystalline form of pure carbon. Venus Figurines- Prehistoric statuettes of women portrayed with similar physical attributes from Europe characterized by enhanced feminine feature s. Homo Erectus- Extinct species of primitive hominid with upright stature but small brain that originated in Africa. Homo Sapiens- Bipedal primate having language and ability to make and use complex tools. Volume of brain at least 1400 cubic centimeters. Lucy- Partial female skeleton of a fossil hominid found in Ethiopia in 1974, and is about 3. million years old and 4 feet. Cro-Magnon- Early form of modern humans. European Early Modern Humans (EEMH). Southwest Asia- Area in which as early as 3000 BC had contained a variety of cultures. Also known as Mesopotamia, it was located in an area called the Fertile Crescent in present-day Iraq. It had large city-states in an area known as Sumer; Birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The Sumerians- Developed the 12-month calendar and cuneiform writing. Lascaux- Site of a cave in the Dordogne, France, containing elaborate Paleolithic wall paintings. Fertile Crescent- Crescent shaped area of fertile land in the Middle East that extends from the eastern Mediterranean coast through the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Persian Gulf. Chapter 2 Mummification- Embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping to preserve the body. Ziggurats- Rectangular stepped tower found in ancient Mesopotamia surmounted by a temple. Hieroglyphics- Ancient form of pictographic writing used by the Egyptians. Old Kingdom- Period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first peak of civilization in complexity and achievement. Middle Kingdom- Period of ancient Egyptian history. New Kingdom- Period in ancient Egyptian history between 1550-1075 BC. Epic of Gilgamesh- Earliest known form of literature. Pyramid of Khufu- AKA Pyramid of Giza Menes- Egyptian pharaoh; reigned 3100 BC. Founded first dynasty that ruled Egypt. Hammurabi (Laws)- Sixth king of the Bbylonian Empire. Known for his set of laws, which were one of the first recorded codes of law in history. Deals with matters of contract, and trade. Akhenaten- Ancient Egyptian pharaoh who reigned about 3,500 years ago. Made major changes including his religious revolution and art style. 8th Dynasty. Ethical Monotheism- There is one God from whom emanates one morality for all humanity. Kush- Kingdom that reached its peak between 1700 and 1500 BC. Allied with Hyksos and conquered Egypt beginning the 2nd Intermediate Period. Mesopotamia- 3500 BC. Known as the land between two rivers, Rains were seasonal in this area, which meant that the land flooded in the w inter and spring and water was scarce at other times. Farming in the region depended on irrigation from the two Rivers. Phoenicia- 3000 BC. Group of individuals migrated from the Arabian Peninsula into the land of Canaan located between Egypt and Syria. By 1200 BC, the Phoenicians controlled a narrow strip of land that bordered along the Mediterranean Sea in the northern Canaan where they built a number of cities and villages. Uruk- An ancient city of Sumer and later Bbylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient dry former channel of the river. Nile- Unifying force in Egyptian history. Used to transport wealth and to shi stone blocks used to build the Pyramids. Euphrates- Provided water that supported the development of ancient Mesopotamian culture. Birthplace of the ancient civilizations of Assyria, Bbylonia, and Sumer; Al Jazirah. Jerusalem- Religious center sacred to all three monotheistic religions. Israel was divided after Solomon’s death. Kingdom of Israel was in the north, while Judah was in the south. Pyramids- Used as massive tombs to enclose pharaohs or wealthy Egyptians. Cuneiform- Earliest writing systems evolved independently and at roughly the same time in Egypt and Mesopotamia. That writing system invented by the Sumerians emerged in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. Archaic Period- Name given to generalized hunter-gatherer societies by in the American continents from approximately 8000-2000 BC. Amon-Re- King of the Gods, Egyptian King; Thebes; Hermopolis; Sun God Osiris- Egyptian god of the underworld and vegetation. Hyksos- Asiatic people who took over the eastern Nile Delta, ending the thirteenth dynasty, and initiating the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt. Sargon of Akkad- Reigned Mesopotamia from 2334 to 2279 BC. Baby in a basket where he was picked up along the Euphrates River where he was found by a man named Akki. Was considered the greatest man who ever lived. Celebrated in glorious tales down through the Persian Empire. Hatshepsut- Fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Ancient Egypt. First great women in recorded history. Forerunner Moses- That guy. Abraham- Assyria- Egypt- Ur- Bbylong- Tigris- Anatolia- Chapter 3 Samsara- Karma- Sati- Caste- Lawbook of Manu- Indo-European- Upanishads- Kshatriyas- Shudras- Jati- Moksha- Varna- Dravidian- Rig Veda- Brahmins- Vaishyas- Indra- Aryan’s war god and military god. Varuna Mohenjo-Daro- Indus River- Punjab- Black Sea- Brahman- Harappa- Ganges River- Himalayas- Caspian Sea- Chapter 4 Mandate of Heaven- Book of Songs- Book of History- Book of Changes- Book of Rites- Tian- Yangshao- Xia Dynasty- Shang Dynasty- Zhou Dynasty- Qin Dynasty- Oracle Bones- King Yu- King Fuzi- King Yao- King Shun- Fu Hao- Yangzi River- Steppes- Yin- Huang He River- Central Asia- Central Southeast Asia- Ao- Luoyang- Chapter 5 Olmec Calendar- Vigesimal- Chavin Cult- Pyramid of the Sun- Temple of the Giant Jaguar- Olmecs- Austronesian- San Lorenzo- Tikal- Teotihucan- Australia- Oceania- New Zealand- Maya- Mochika- La Venta- Chichen Itza- Mesoamerica- Bering Strait- New Guinea- Indonesia- Crucial Facts: * First Pharaoh of Egypt- King Menses The Fighter * Mesopotamians used Cuneiform * Societies that used Pictographic forms of scripture- Egypt (Hieroglyphics), Mayans, And Chinese. We know of the Aryans by the Vedas; Upanishads; Hindu Book * Paleolithic- Hunter Gatherers; No Sheep * Neolithic- Introduction of agriculture (Agricultural Revolution/Transition) * Archeologist- Studies ancient remains; Make approximations * Goddesses of Fertility- Venus Figurines; European * Most religions in Mesoamerica- Polytheistic * Harappans- Not much is known about them. Hin du. * Xia/Shang/Zhou/Qin Dynasties in Order * Copper was the 1st metal; Easy to find/mold. * Farming- Food surplus, possible for cities to exist, and sexual intercourse. How to cite World History Review: the Evolution, Essay examples

Why do people help others Essay Example For Students

Why do people help others? Essay To discuss why people help others we must consider whether people are by nature selfless or selfish. The dominant view today in psychology is of universal egoism; that we are fundamentally selfish, and that altruism helping motivated by the wish to benefit another person an impossibility. One form of universal egoism is Piliavin et als arousal: cost-reward model, whereby faced with a potential helping situation we weigh the probable costs and rewards of alternative courses of action, then arrive at a decision which produces the best outcome for ourselves. Darley and Batson 1973 conducted an experiment into the effect of the cost time in the decision to offer help. They found that 63% of students with plenty of time to get to their next lecture helped a man clearly ill in the doorway, whilst 45% who were right on schedule helped, but only 10% of those who were late. However, although a natural setting was used, as an experiment this evidence is not very ecologically valid. We will write a custom essay on Why do people help others? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Sociobioligical approach also sees helping as egoistic, but in terms of the individual maximising their inclusive fitness increasing the chances of their genes being passed on, rather than their personal fitness. This seems to be the case when we look at the apparent altruistic behaviour of various species. For example, when a honey bee dies when stinging an enemy, by their sacrifice they are increasing the reproductive chances of their fertile relatives thus ensuring that their genes are transmitted to future generations. Wilson, 1976. Socio-biology can therefore account for self-sacrifice and impulsive helping. It could also help us to understand racism. Piliavin found that there is evidence of racism occurring in our decisions to help when he found that blacks were much more likely to help a black drunk, and whites a white drunk. This suggests that we are less likely to help those with the least genes in common with us. Chagnon Bugos 1979, in an analysis of fighting in Southern Venezuela, found that the likelihood of a person helping another was strongly correlated with their genetic relatedness to the person. However, how do we account for cases of altruism on the part of animals who are not related? This could be explained by the fact that all members of a species have an element of shared genes even if not at all closely related. Trivers 1971, however, proposed the principle of delayed reciprocal altruism, whereby animals return favours, therefore helpful behaviour is worthwhile because it is likely to be returned. For example, Packer 1977 observed that male baboons which assisted another male in courting were more likely to receive this help in return. Batson 1987, in contradiction with universal egoism proposed the empathy-altruism hypothesis. He saw helping as the result of feeling empathy experiencing anothers emotions. By experimentally manipulating the degree to which his subjects experienced empathy or personal distress in a potential helping situation Batson showed that empathetically aroused subjects were more likely to help at their own cost. Critics of this theory, however, counter these findings with the argument that the subjects were more motivated to avoid social disapproval or feelings of guilt. Even Batson himself admitted that even highly empathic people will avoid helping if the costs are high and they can escape responsibilities easily. The evidence seems to support the idea of universal egoism; in deciding whether to help or not, humans are fundamentally selfish, and altruism is an impossibility. However, whether this egoism is driven by the motivation to maximise personal fitness or inclusive fitness is not yet clear.